Process Control Basics: Cascade Control

In a cascade control system, two or more controllers are cascaded to control one or more process variable. Controllers are said to be "in cascade" when the output (OP.1) of the first or primary controller (master) is used to manipulate the set-point(SP.2) of another or secondary controller (slave). When two or more controllers are cascaded, each will have its own measurement input (PV.1, PV.2) but only the primary controller can have an independent set-point (SP.1) and only the secondary controller has an output (OP.2) to the process. This concept of cascade control is illustrated in the diagram below:
Block Diagram of a Cascade Control System

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