CLASS 10 science ch7

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

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Animal control and system.  Nervous system ոկ endocrine system.

 In animals, the nervous system and the hormonal system are responsible for monitoring and coordinating.

 Recipients.  Receptors are professional advice for nerve fibers that collect information that is carried by the nerves.

 Animal organ receptors in the sense of:

 They are classified as follows:

 Phono receptors.  Found in the inner ear.

 Functions:  The main functions of the body are hearing and balance.

 Photographic receivers.  Found in the eye.

 Case in point:  This is responsible for visual stimulation.

 Mo venous receptors.  Found in the skin.

 Functions:  These receptors are responsible for pain, touch and stimulation.

 These receptors are also known as heat receptors.

 Smell receptors.  Found in the nose.

 Functions:  These receptors smell.

 Aste worker's receptors.  They are found in the language.

 Functions.  These help to reveal the taste.

 Nervous System.  The nervous system is made up of specialized tissues called nerve tissue.  A neuron or neuron is a functional unit of the nervous system.  It is the nervous system that is mainly responsible for monitoring and coordinating complex animals.

 Nervous system functions

 The nervous system receives information from the environment.

 To get information from different quarters.

 Act according to the muscles and glands.

 The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

 Neurons.  Neurons are highly specialized cells that are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.  The neuron consists of the following parts:

 (I) Cyton or cell body.  The cell body or cyton is somewhat stellar, with many hairs, such as protruding structures, out of bounds.  These are called hair-like structures.  Bifurcations receive nerve impulses.

 (2) Axon.  This is the tail of a neuron.  It ends with many hair-like structures called Axon Stations.  Key stations transmit nerve impulses.

 (3) Myelin cover, there is an insulating cap around Axon.  This is called myelin coating.  The myelin sheath insulates Axon against nerve impulses from surrounding areas.

 Types of neurons:

 Sensory neuron.  These neurons receive signals from the sensory organ.

 Motor neurons.  These neurons send signals to muscles or glands.

 Neuron connection or sequence.  These neurons transmit signals between sensory neurons "motor neurons."

 Fastener.  The raster connection between the peripheral branches of one neural Axon and the neural encryption of another neuron is called a clamp.

 Nerve muscle (NMJ).  NMJ is the point at which muscle fibers come in contact with motor neurons that control nerve impulses from the nervous system.

 Transmission of nerve impulses.  Nerve signals are transmitted from one neutron to another.

 Bifurcations - cell body - nerve axis - nerve endings at the end of the nerve axis - synapse - with the bifurcation of these neurons.

 The chemical released by one nerve axis of the nerve cell crosses the synapse or muscle nerve connection to reach the next cell.

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 The human nervous system.  The human nervous system can be divided into three main parts

 1. Central nervous system.  The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spine.  The brain controls all the functions of the human body.  The spinal cord acts as a relay wave for signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system.

 2. Peripheral nervous system.  The peripheral nervous system is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves.  There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.  The cranial nerves come from the brain and pass to the organs around the head.  There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.  The spinal nerves exit the spinal cord and pass to the organs just below the scalp.

 3. Autonomic nervous system.  The autonomic nervous system is made up of a number of nodes that extend along the spine.  Controls all voluntary actions in the human body. 

Sympathetic nervous system: This part of the autonomic nervous system increases the activity of the organ as needed.  For example, during running, there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body.  This is achieved by increasing the respiratory rate and increasing the heart rate.  The sympathetic nervous system increases the respiratory rate of the heart rate, in this case.

  Parasympathetic nervous system: This part of the autonomic nervous system slows down organ activity and thus has a calming effect.  During sleep, the breathing rate as well as the heart rate slows.  This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system.  It can be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in maintaining energy.

  The human brain: The human brain is a very complex organ, consisting mainly of nerve tissue.  The tissues are too folded to hold much space in less space.  The brain is covered with a three-layer membrane system called the meninges.  The cerebrospinal fluid is filled between the meninges.  CSF providers protect the brain from mechanical shock.  Moreover, protection.  The human brain can be divided into three regions, meaning.  Anterior brain, midbrain, and brain.

  Parts of the human brain:

  Anterior brain: It consists of the brain.

  Middle of the brain: It consists of the hypothalamus.

  Hind's brain: It consists of the cerebellum, bones, medulla, rectangles.

  Some of the main structures of the human brain are explained below:

  Brain: The brain is the largest part of human brains.  Divided into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres.

  Brain functions

  The brain controls voluntary motor procedures.

  It is the location of sensory perceptions, such as tactile and auditory perceptions.

  It is the seat of learning and memory.

  Sub-hypothalamus: It is located under the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.  Controls the sleep and wake cycle (daily rhythm) of the body.  It also controls the incentives to eat and drink.

  Cerebellum: The cerebellum is located under the brain and at the back of the entire structure.  Coordinates engine functions.  When riding your bike, the perfect alignment between the pedal and steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.

  Controls the position and balance.

  Control the accuracy of volunteering.

  Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem, along with the viscera.  It is located at the base of the brain and continues into the spinal cord.  The marrow controls many involuntary functions, such as hearing breathing, etc.

  Control involuntary actions.

  Example: blood pressure, saliva, and vomiting.

  Ponce: It transmits impulses between the lower cerebellum and spinal cord, higher parts of the brain such as the brain and brain, and also regulates breathing.

  Spinal cord: The spinal cord controls reflexive procedures and massages different parts of the body and brain.

  Reflexive verb: a reflexive verb is a special case of involuntary organs of the involuntary movement.  When a volunteer is near a sudden danger, he is immediately pulled out of danger to save himself.  For example, when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move your hand in the jerk.  All this happens in the flash and your hand is saved from an impending injury.  This is an example of a reflex action.

  Reflex arc: the path through which the nerve signals travel, participating in a reflex action, is called travel the reflex arc.  The following chart shows the signal flow in the reflex arc.

  Receptors → Sensory neurons → Motor neurons → Motor neurons → Transponder (muscles)

  The recipient is the organ that comes in the danger zone.  Sensory neurons pick up signals from the receiver and send them to the relay neuron.  The relay neuron is in the spinal cord.  The spinal cord sends signals to the transponder through the motor neuron.  The respondent comes to work, moving the future out of danger.

  The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal cord and the relevant signals

to the brain would involve more time.

Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the reflex action is mainly controlled at the level of spinal cord.

Protection of brain and spinal cord

Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shocks absorber and enclosed in cranium (Brain box)

Spinal chord is enclosed in vertebral column.

Muscular Movements and Nervous Control:  Muscle tissues have special filaments, called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ.

Endocrine System: The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the nervous system in control and co-ordination. Nervous do not react to every nook and corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control, hormonal control is somewhat slower.

Hormones: These are the chemical messengers secreted in very small amounts by specialised tissues called ductless glands. They act on target tissues/organs usually away from their source. Endocrine System helps in control and coordination through chemical compounds called hormones.

Endocrine Gland: A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Endocrine  Gland

Location Hormones Produced Functions

Pituitary gland (also known as the master gland) At the base of the brain Growth hormone (GH).

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) GH stimulates growth.

TSH stimulates the functioning of the thyroid gland.

FSH stimulates the follicles during ovulation.

Thyroid Gland Neck Thyroxine Controls general metabolism and growth in the body.

Adrenal gland Above kidneys Adrenalin Prepares the body for emergency situations and hence is also called ‘Fight and flight’ hormone.

Pancreas Near stomach Insulin Controls blood sugar level

Testis (male) In Scrotum Testosterone Sperm production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.

Ovary (female) Near uterus Oestrogen Egg production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.

Iodised salt is necessary because: Iodine mineral is essential part of thyronine hormone so it is important that we must consume iodised salt as in turn it is essential for thyroid gland as it controls carbohydrate, proteins and fat metabolism for best balance of growth deficiency of iodine might cause disease called goitre.

Diabetes: Cause : It is due to deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that is responsible to lower/control the blood sugar levels.

Treatment : Patients have to internally administer injections of insulin hormone which helps in regulating blood-sugar level.

In case of flight or fight reaction to an emergency situation, Adrenal glands → release adrenaline into blood → which acts on heart and other tissues → causes faster heart beat → more oxygen to muscles → reduced blood supply to digestive system and skin → diversion of blood to skeletal muscles → increase in breathing rate.

Feedback mechanism: A type of self-regulating mechanism in which the level of one substance in body influences the level of another.

Control and Co-ordination in Plants: Movements in plants and plant harmones.

Co-ordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for control and co-ordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types :

Tropic movement

Nastic movement

1. Tropic Movement: Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular direction. There are four types of tropic movements.

(i) Geotropic movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement.

(ii) Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is called phototropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends towards the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the which is away from sunlight.

(iii) Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the nearest source of water. This shows a positive hydrotropic movement.

(iv) Thigmotropism Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called thigmotropism movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.

2. Nastic Movement: The movement which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic movement. For example, when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in the leaves lose- water and become flaccid, resulting in drooping of leaves.

Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.

Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are

Auxin: (Synthesized at shoot tip).

Function: Helps in growth.

Phototropism: more growth of cells towards the light.

Gibberellin: Helps in the growth of the stem.

Cytokinins: Promotes cell division.

Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves. (Stress hormone)

Control and Coordination in Plants

Stimuli: The change in the environment to which an organism responds.

Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to produce a proper response.

Phyto-hormones: These are plant hormones.

Auxin: It is a plant hormone which promotes cell enlargement and growth in plants.

Gibberellins: A plant hormone which promotes cell differentiation and breaking dormancy of seeds and buds.

Cytokinin: A plant hormone which promotes cell division and the opening of stomata.

Abscisic Acid: It helps in inhibiting the growth of the plant and promotes wilting and falling of leaves and food.

Tropism: A growth movement of a plant which determines direction with the stimulus.

Nastism: A growth movement of a plant which does not determine direction with a stimulus.

Phototropism: Movement of plants towards a light.

Geotropism: Movement of plants towards the gravity of earth.

Chemotropism: Movement of plants towards chemicals.

Hydrotropism: Movement of plants towards the water.

Thigmotropism: Movement of plants towards a response to the touch of an object.

Control and Coordination in Animals

Stimuli: The change in the environment to which the organism responds.

Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to produce a proper response.

Neuron: Functional unit of the nervous system.

Synapse: A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons.

Receptor: A cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to stimuli.

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