RABBIT BONE ONLINE CHAPTER WISE MCQS TEST FOR CEE 

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Vertebral column of a mammal differs from that of other vertebrates in several respects • A bony plate, called epiphysis, is present at each end of centrum of vertebra, in order that articular surfaces of centra are more or less flat (acoelous or amphiplatyan). • Cartilaginous intervertebral discs are present between centra of adjacent vertebrae. • spinal column of rabbit includes about 46 vertebrae and is differentiated into five regions : cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. Vertebral formula of rabbit is C7,T12-13,L6-7, S4, Cd16 where C = Cervical, T = thoracic, L = lumber, S = sacral and Cd = caudal ATLAS: 1st neck bone • Signet-ring like • Centrum, prezygapophyses, postzygapophyses absent • Neural spine rudimentary • Transverse processes: horizontal wing-like processes • Anteriorly, it bears a pair ofwo large, shallow concave facets for occipital condyles of skull • Posteriorly, it bears two stout lateral facets and alittle mid-ventral facet for process of axis Rabbit Axis/ Epistropheus: 2nd neck bone • Neural spine: high, ridge-like, laterally flattened and elongated anteroposteriorly. • Transverse processes: small, posteriorly directed and basally perforated by vertebarterial canals. • Prezygapophyses absent • Postzygapophyses present • Anteriorly, centrum bears an extended , pointed, peg-like process Rabbit Typical cervical (3rd – 7 th) • vertebral arch large • Neural spine small • Centrum: short, flattened • Pre- and postzygapophyses: present • Transverse process: bifurcated, pierced by a vertebraterial canal, formed by the fusion of a cervical rib with the vertebra. • The 7th neck bone differs slightly from others in having more elongated neural spine, in presence of alittle concave facet at the posterior fringe of centrum for the articulation of thoracic ribs and in absence of foramen transversia (= vertebraterial canal) Rabbit Anterior thoracic (first 6-7) • Neural spine: high, backwardly directed • Pre-zygapophyses: outwards and upwards • Postzygapophyses : inwards and downwards • Transverse processes: short, stout and horizontal, each bears ventrally a facet for the tuberculum of a rib • Centrum: short and thick, bears a facet for the capitulum of a rib Rabbit Posterior Thoracic (last 4-5) • Centrum: longer and stouter • Neural spine: short • Zygapophyses: more prominent • Transverse processes: reduced without tubercular facets but with an entire capitular facet Anterior Lumbar (first 2) • Centrum, Hypapophysis, Neural spine well developed • Transverse processes: large, expanded distally and directed downwards and forwards • Anterior end of vertebral arch gives off on either side an outsized forward sloping process, the metapophysis, bearing a pre-zygapophysis on its medial aspect. • Similarly, a pair of small backwardly directed processes, the anapophyses, arise form the posterior end of vertebral arch , below post-zygapophyses. Rabbit It resembles anterior lumbar altogether the essential parts, but hypapophysis below centrum is absent, being replaced by a brief ridge Posterior Lumbar (3rd – 7 th) Sacrum (3 to 4 sacral vertebrae) • one compound bone • supports the pelvis • formed by the fusion of three or 4 sacral vertebrae • Neural spine, zygapophyses & intervertebral foramina are prominent • 1 st or true sacral vertebra: largest, bears strong transverse processes, which are attached with ilia bones of pelvis . – Its neural spine is upright, metapophyses are reduced and anapophyses absent. Rabbit • Caudal vertebrae progressively decrease in size backward • Their processes also become gradually shorter and eventually the terminal vertebrae are merely rod-like centra alone