Theories of Transfer Of Learning
• Theories of Transfer Of Learning
1. Identical Element Theory
Thorndike's propounded the theory of identical elements in the transfer of learning. This theory of transfer of learning is based on the fact that when there are similarities in two tasks, subjects, experiences or activities, then the knowledge acquired in the same type of situation is more helpful.
According to Thorndike, “There is a transition of identical elements from one situation to another.”
On the basis of many experiments, Thorndike has confirmed the fact that the more similar the two tasks, the more they will be helpful in each other's tasks. For example, knowledge of Sanskrit is helpful in the study of Hindi.
Crow & Crow have clarified, "According to the identical element theory, the transfer from one situation to another takes place in the same proportion in which the subject-matter, attitude, method or elements of objectives both the situations are similar. "
Sorenson has also held it in the same way, "According to the theory of identical elements, there is a transfer from one situation to another to the extent that both are similar."
2. Theory of Generalization
The idea of generalization was propounded by Judd. According to Judd, “When a student has a good grasp of the general principles of a science subject, he develops the ability to transfer his training to other situations.”
The theory of generalization means "to the extent to which one derives a general principle through his experience, to that extent there is a transfer of learning". And until the general principles of any action or subject are not understood, at that time transfer is not possible.
That is, a person generalizes the experiences, knowledge and habits acquired in learning and applies them to new learning situations of other types.
For example, if a teacher has knowledge of child psychology, then he can use that knowledge in solving the problems of small children during class room.
3. Two Factors Theory
Spearman is the exponent of the two element theory. Spearman studied intelligence and concluded that there are two types of intelligence :
(1) general intelligence (G) and
(2) specific intelligence (S).
Normally a person uses normal intelligence or normal ability in life. Specific intelligence or special ability varies from person to person. general intelligence is the basis of transfer. On this basis, when the child studies mathematics or literature etc., then only his general ability is transferred. There is no transfer of special qualifications.
4. Gestalt Theory
Supporters of gestalt psychology are the Gestaltist Kohler, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka etc. psychologists who value the shape of knowledge or action. These people consider understanding or insight to be important.
Kohler conducted of learning related experiments on chimpanzees and rats, and found that insight to transfer of experience from one situation to another. In this, it is necessary to be insight of the situation while training.
Many psychologists have considered this idea to have developed on the basis of identical elements, but it is narrow and limited in comparison to Thorndike's identical element.
5. Theory of Recognition of Values
Bagley has propounded this theory. Bagley is of the opinion, "The generalization itself is not the whole story, but it must be conveyed by the ideal with an emotional aspect. If the transfer is to be made, the merits must be discussed.
In fact, the basis of Baglay's view is ideal, which means that while performing any action, it is necessary to develop ideal in the students. This principle emphasizes on ideal and traditional values such as rationality, precision and cleanliness.
• Implications of Transfer of Learning for Teacher
In school, students grow their knowledge by staying in the company of their teachers, learn values and ideals from them so that they can become useful citizens of the country in the future. Whatever the teacher teaches to the students, it is necessary to follow the behavior of the students, only then the purpose of education will be fulfilled.
In fact, the teacher teaches educational principles by teaching them in the classroom and transfer them to the future life. From this point of view the role of the teacher can be considered strong in the transfer of learning to the students.
The role of teacher in transfer of learning can be explained as follows :
1. It is important for the transfer of learning that the teacher provides maximum conditions for the application of knowledge in the classroom. Special emphasis should be given on problem solving. Problems should also be related to reality, not imaginary, which are not related to the practical life of the children.
2. For transfer of learning, it is necessary that teachers develop the qualities of understanding in the children. This greatly affects the quality transfer.
It is the responsibility of the teacher to explain a law of development or its concept by giving many examples to the students in the class so that the understanding of the students is strengthened and on this basis the learning transfer will also be organized.
3. It is the responsibility of the teacher to motivate the students to find the facts coming in the text subject with respect to other subjects on the basis of similarity so that transfer of one subject can be done in other subjects.
4. The teacher can make the students aware of different methods by using the best methods of study which will also affect the learning transfer. For example, debate, problem solving or question method etc. can be transferred to other areas also.
5. The transfer of learning is also useful for the teacher in the context that the values and ideals that he wants to inculcate in the classroom to the students become part of the child in future life also. For which a plan should be made.
6. Teachers while teaching children in the classroom, transfer learning by giving appropriate examples along with actual work.
For example, the transfer of the text material of mathematics or geometry is easily done in the future.
Therefore, on the basis of many examples, the understanding of the students can be strengthened and they can be applied in future situations.
7. It is also the responsibility of the teacher to be sure that the general principles are accepted by the students or not. Transfer of learning requires transfer of classroom situations to life situations.
8. The teacher should keep in mind that the problem before him is how to teach the students to use the experiences gained from a situation in their practical life. For this, children should learn to transfer their educational experiences in two similar or different situations.
The teacher should also see how he transfers his learning to the same or similar situations.
9. intelligent students can easily transfer their learned knowledge to other situations. Therefore, the role of the teacher is important in such a way that he pays special attention to such students.
Ultimately it can be said that the teacher has an important utility and role in the transfer of learning. Therefore, he should identify the main features of one work and get it transferred to other situations.
It is necessary for the teacher to be aware of the mental abilities and individual differences of the students as it is a powerful factor in positive and effective transfer of learning.
The teacher should regularly train his students to transfer the knowledge learned in one subject and situation to other situations.
Friendson has rightly said, “Transfer is a broad factor having a significant impact on the efficiency of learning.” The teacher can make an important contribution in this. This is the implication for the teacher.
Also Read :
1. Types And Factors Affecting Transfer of Learning
2. 9 Important factors that affect Learning
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