Types of Transfer of Learning | Factors Affecting Transfer of Learning
• Meaning of Transfer of Learning
The task of parents is to send the children to school where they get education. learn something new and use it when the situation arises. It is also the feelings of the teacher that the knowledge given to the students can be used when the time comes. In this way, the use of knowledge learned at one time in future is called learning transfer.
There may be transfer of learning in the process of learning. In educational psychology this is called transfer of learning or transfer of training.
This topic is very important for the children as they are expected to use the experiences provided by the teacher outside the classroom. The meaning of transfer of learning will be clear from the following definitions.
• Definitions of Transfer of Learning
Learning transfer has been expressed by many psychologists on the following basis :
According to Crow and Crow, “The application of knowledge, skills, habits of thinking, feeling or working in one area of learning to another area of learning is generally the transfer of training.”
According to Sorenson, “Transfer refers to the transfer of knowledge, training and habits acquired in one situation to another.”
Encyclopedia of Educational Research, "The term learning applies to a special kind of transference in which the conditions of learning and testing are very similar."
According to Kolesnik, “Transfer is the application of knowledge, skills, habits, abilities, or other actions obtained from the first situation to the second situation.”
On the basis of the appropriate definitions of transfer of learning, it can be concluded that learning transfer is the application of the knowledge available in one subject or the training that comes from practicing an activity in another situation.
• Examples of Transfer of Learning
For example, the knowledge of English learned in school can be used for conversation in the future or on the basis of mathematics education to use it to buy and sell goods etc. or sometimes to use dance lessons learned in childhood to perform one's art. This many situations are examples of transfer of learning.
In short, transfer of learning is the transfer of knowledge, training or work etc. obtained in one situation to another situation.
• Types of Learning Transfer
1. Positive learning transfer
2. Negative Learning Transfer
3. One Sided Learning Transfer
4. Bilateral Learning Transfer
5. Rapid Learning Transfer
6. Horizontal Learning Transfer
• Positive Transfer of Learning
When one type of training has a positive effect on another type of training or the knowledge acquired earlier helps in solving a new problem, then it is called positive transfer.
For example, using the knowledge of English learned in school in conversation, correspondence or similar situations is a positive transfer.
A cyclist can easily ride a scooter. The solution of statistical problems is also positive transfer when knowledge of mathematics is there.
• Negative Learning Transfer
When any knowledge, experience or training learned in the past hinders some kind of problem solving in the future, it is called negative transfer.
Examples -
• Experience of typing learned in English is a hindrance in typing in Hindi.
• A teacher is teaching the topic 'Division' of Mathematics subject to the students in the class. During this the teacher tells that on dividing any number by the same number, the quotient is 1, such that 1/1=1, 2/2=1, 3/3=1 ........10 /10=1 then asks the students what would 0/0 be? A student answers - 1. This is negative learning.
• A teacher is teaching English subject 'Numbers' to students in the class. During this the teacher tells House-houses, Blouse- blouses. After that asks the students what will be the plural of mouse? A student answers- mouses. This is negative learning transfer.
• Boring Langfield and Wald define negative transfer as "When a learned task creates difficulty in learning another task, it is called positive transfer."
• Unilateral Learning Transfer
When the transfer of a skill or training learned by one side becomes useful to the other side over time, it is called unilateral transfer.
For example, the practice of working with the left hand can be helpful in a particular situation.
• Bilateral Learning Transfer
Sometimes the skill or training provided to one part of the body automatically transfers to the other parts of the body, it is called bilateral learning transfer.
For example - almost all the children do most of the work of writing, eating etc. with the right hand but if they start doing the same work with the left hand then it will be bilateral transfer.
• Vertical Learning Transfer
The knowledge acquired at one level when it is useful in future is called vertical transfer.
For example - The verbs learned or learned in childhood are used even when they grow up.
• Horizontal Learning Transfer
When the knowledge gained in one subject is used to help in learning other subjects, it is called horizontal learning transfer. For example, on the basis of the remains of Mohenjodaro Harappa, the knowledge of the culture and civilization of that period is well known.
• Factors Affecting Transfer of Learning
1. Generalization
2. Application of Knowledge
3. Contemplation
4. Correlation
5. Teaching Methods
6. Mental Ability
7. Individual differences
8. Transfer Training
Learning transfer is affected by many functions. The teacher imparts knowledge to the students, helps them in developing their skills, qualities and abilities. It is necessary to train these skills, abilities and qualities etc. in such a way that students can use them when new situations arise.
Friendsson has stated, “Transfer is a broad factor having a significant impact on the efficiency of learning.”
1. Generalization
The first factor affecting transfer is normalization. According to Raeburn, “transfers take place only to the extent to which generalizations are made.”
Therefore, it is the responsibility of the teacher to develop the ability of the children to draw general principles in the subjects to be studied. Therefore, the role of teacher is important in transfer of learning.
2. Application of Knowledge
Application is the application of learned knowledge in new situations. The teacher should encourage the students to use whatever they learn in their lives. This is an important factor for transfer.
3. Thinking
The factor influencing the transfer of learning is thinking. In marcel view, by thinking or teaching prudence, the transfer automatically becomes easy. Therefore, the teacher should develop the ability to think in the children.
4. Correlation
Correlation or coherence is the important factor which affects the transfer of learning. If the teacher, while teaching, relates the content to another subject or encourages the children to know the relationship or difference between two similar subjects, then he may be automatically encouraged to discover the similarity of the subjects.
Eg - To make knowledge of the similarity of grammar of Hindi and Sanskrit.
5. Method of Teaching
The factor influencing the transfer of learning is also the teaching methods used by the teacher while teaching the classroom. If the teacher gives knowledge to the students by adopting an interesting method by knowing student psychology, then they will read with more interest in the class and the learning transfer will also take place properly.
Therefore, the best methods of study are expected to be used by the teacher at the time of classroom teaching.
6. Mental Ability
The mental ability of the children also affects the transfer. Therefore, the teacher should make efforts to develop the mental abilities of the children. For this new situations can be raised.
7. Individual Differences
Each child differs from another child in abilities. Therefore, it is necessary to give knowledge to the children keeping these points in mind at the time of class teaching.
Curriculum formulation and teaching methods should be selected keeping in mind the fact of individual variation. It is an important factor influencing the transfer of learning among students.
8. Transfer Training
Skinner believes, “The education of transfer of learning requires thoughtful preparation and development of lessons.”
This means that children should be trained regularly so that they are aware of the development of their lesson. Because training is an important factor in the transfer of learning.
Also Read :
1. 9 Important factors that affect Learning
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